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III. »çºñ¼ºÀÌ ConstantinopleÀÏ °¡´É¼º °ËÅä (º»·Ð -ÁßC) ConstantinopleÀº ¼¾ç»ç¿¡¼ ¿À·§ µ¿¾È ¼öµµ·Î¼ÀÇ Á᫐ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â¼úµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ·Î¸¶°¡ 4µÎ Á¤Ä¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³ª´©¾îÁ® ÅëÄ¡µÉ ¶§ºÎÅÍ µ¿·Î¸¶Áö¿ªÀÇ ¼öµµ·Î¼ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çß´Ù°í ±â¼úµÈ´Ù. ¼±â 3¼¼±âºÎÅÍ ÁÙ°ð ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çß´Ù°í ±â¼úµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿ö³« ÀÌÁö¿ªÀÌ °í´ë»ç·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ª»ç°¡ ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ªÀ̹ǷΠÀÌÇØ°¡ µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ¹éÁ¦ÀÇ ÇѼº°ú ¿õÁøÀÇ Ãµµµ¿Í ¾î¶² °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ»±î? 3¼¼±âºÎÅÍ ¼öµµ·Î¼ÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ´©·Á ¿Ô´ø Á¡À» °í·ÁÇÏ¸é ±×¸®°í ¹Ù´å°¡¿¡ Á¢ÇØ ÀÖ´Â Á¡À» °í·ÁÇÏ¸é ¿õÁø°ú ´õ °ü°è°¡ ±íÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù. ÄܽºÅºÆ®³ëÇÃÀÌ »çºñ¼ºÀÏ±î ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ ÇÏ´Â ÆÇ´ÜÀº ±×·¡¼ ±× Àǹ̰¡ ¸¹ÀÌ Ãà¼ÒµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »çºñ¼ºÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» °ËÅäÇÑ´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¿ä¾àµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀÌ »çºñ¼ºÀÇ Á¶°Ç°ú ºÎÇÕÇÏ´Â Á¶°Çµé; 1. µ¿·Î¸¶Á¦±¹ ³»³» ¼öµµ·Î¼ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â WikipediaÀÇ ±â·ÏÀÌ´Ù. (¾Æ·¡ ±Û ÂüÁ¶). µû¶ó¼ ¼öµµ·Î¼ »çºñ¼ºÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀº ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÈÆÁ·, ¼°íÆ®Á·ÀÇ Ä§ÀÔÀÌÈÄ Æ¯È÷ 378³â Battle of AdrianopleÀÌÈÄ ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀÌ ÀÌÀÇ ¾ø´Â °íÁ¤µÈ ¼öµµ·Î¼ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ±â¼úµÈ´Ù. (¾Æ·¡ Àû»ö±Û ÂüÁ¶) ƯÈ÷ 413-414³â¿¡ Theodosius II´Â 18¹ÌÅÍÀÇ 3ÁßÀÇ °ß°íÇÑ ¼ºÀ» ½×¾Ò´Ù°í Çß´Ù. (¾Æ·¡ Àû»ö±Û ¹× ±×¸² ÂüÁ¶). ÀÌ´Â »çºñ¼ºÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¿õÁø¼ºÀÇ À̾߱⿡ º¸´Ù °¡±õ´Ù ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù. "324-337: Foundation of ConstantinopleConstantine had altogether more colourful plans. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as well as of sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church, he was well aware that Rome was an unsatisfactory capital. Rome was too far from the frontiers, and hence from the armies and the imperial courts, and it offered an undesirable playground for disaffected politicians. Yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years, and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location. Nevertheless, Constantine identified the site of Byzantium as the right place: a place where an emperor could sit, readily defended, with easy access to the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers, his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia, his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire. Constantinople was built over six years, and consecrated on 11 May 330. Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis. Yet, at first, Constantine's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome. It possessed a proconsul, rather than an urban prefect. It had no praetors, tribunes, or quaestors. Although it did have senators, they held the title clarus, not clarissimus, like those of Rome. It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply, police, statues, temples, sewers, aqueducts, or other public works. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. In similar fashion, many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets. The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that, as in Rome, free distributions of food would be made to the citizens. At the time, the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city. Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augustaeum. The new senate-house (or Curia) was housed in a basilica on the east side. On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance, the Chalke, and its ceremonial suite known as the Palace of Daphne. Nearby was the vast Hippodrome for chariot-races, seating over 80,000 spectators, and the famed Baths of Zeuxippus. At the western entrance to the Augustaeum was the Milion, a vaulted monument from which distances were measured across the Eastern Roman Empire. From the Augustaeum led a great street, the Mese (Greek: ¥Ì?¥ò¥ç [¥Ï¥ä??], lit. '"Middle [Street]"'), lined with colonnades. As it descended the First Hill of the city and climbed the Second Hill, it passed on the left the Praetorium or law-court. Then it passed through the oval Forum of Constantine where there was a second Senate-house and a high column with a statue of Constantine himself in the guise of Helios, crowned with a halo of seven rays and looking toward the rising sun. From there, the Mese passed on and through the Forum Tauri and then the Forum Bovis, and finally up the Seventh Hill (or Xerolophus) and through to the Golden Gate in the Constantinian Wall. After the construction of the Theodosian Walls in the early 5th century, it was extended to the new Golden Gate, reaching a total length of seven Roman miles. After the construction of the Theodosian Walls, Constantinople consisted of an area approximately the size of Old Rome within the Aurelian walls, or some 1,400 ha. 337-529: Constantinople during the Barbarian Invasions and the fall of the WestThe importance of Constantinople increased, but it was gradual. From the death of Constantine in 337 to the accession of Theodosius I, emperors had been resident only in the years 337-338, 347-351, 358-361, 368-369. Its status as a capital was recognized by the appointment of the first known Urban Prefect of the City Honoratus, who held office from 11 December 359 until 361. ............. After the shock of the Battle of Adrianople in 378, in which the emperor Valens with the flower of the Roman armies was destroyed by the Visigoths within a few days' march, the city looked to its defences, and in 413-414 Theodosius II built the 18-metre (60-foot)-tall triple-wall fortifications, which were not to be breached until the coming of gunpowder. Uldin, a prince of the Huns, appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace, but he was deserted by many of his followers, who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river. Subsequent to this, new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved. After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire, Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire. Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces. They remained in their palace in the Great City and sent generals to command their armies. The wealth of the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia flowed into Constantinople." [Ãâó] <Æß> Constantinople - Wikipedia2. ¹éÁ¦ÀÇ ¼º¿ÕÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Â Justinian ȲÁ¦¶§¿¡µµ 533³â Belisarius À屺À» ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¿øÁ¤¿¡ ÆÄº´ÇÒ ¶§ ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà ¾Õ¿¡¼ ¼ö±ºµéÀÇ ÃâÁ¤½ÄÀ» Çß´Ù.(¾Æ·¡ Àû»ö±Û ÂüÁ¶) ±×·¯³ª ¼öµµ »çºñ´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ÁöÇüÁ¶°ÇÀ¸·Î º¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§, Ç×±¸°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀº »çºñ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¿õÁøÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Áï ¼º¿ÕÀÇ »çºñ õµµ°¡ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê°í ¿õÁø¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°¡ »çºñ·Î ¿Å°åÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. ¹éÁ¦ÀÇ ¼º¿ÕÀº Àü·û¼º¿ÕÀ¸·Î ºÒ¸± ¸¸Å ºÒ±³ÀÇ ÁøÈï¿¡ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù°í ¿ì¸® ¿ª»ç¿¡¼´Â ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é Wikipedia ÀÚ·á´Â Justinian ȲÁ¦°¡ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â¼úµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÑ Á¾±³Àû °¥µîÀ¸·Î Nika Æøµ¿ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ Hagia Sophia ¼º´çÀ» Àç°ÇÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. (¾Æ·¡ ±Û ÂüÁ¶) µÎ »ç¶÷ ¸ðµÎ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¸é¿¡¼ ¿½ÉÀ̾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº °øÅëÁ¡À» º¸ÀδÙ. ¿©ÇÏÆ° ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀº À¶¼ºÇÏ¿© Àα¸°¡ 50¸¸¿¡ ´ÞÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 541-542³â Æä½ºÆ®º´ÀÌ À¯ÇàÇÏ¿© µµ½ÃÀα¸ÀÇ 40%°¡ Á×¾ú´Ù°í Çß´Ù. 20¸¸¸íÀÌ Á×¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (¾Æ·¡ ±Û ÂüÁ¶). À̰ÍÀÌ ¼öµµ ÀÌÀüÀÇ »çÀ¯°¡ µÈ °ÍÀÎÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. "527-565: Constantinople in the Age of JustinianThe emperor Justinian I (527-565) was known for his successes in war, for his legal reforms and for his public works. It was from Constantinople that his expedition for the reconquest of the former Diocese of Africa set sail on or about 21 June 533. Before their departure, the ship of the commander Belisarius was anchored in front of the Imperial palace, and the Patriarch offered prayers for the success of the enterprise. .......... Chariot-racing had been important in Rome for centuries. In Constantinople, the hippodrome became over time increasingly a place of political significance. It was where (as a shadow of the popular elections of old Rome) the people by acclamation showed their approval of a new emperor, and also where they openly criticized the government, or clamoured for the removal of unpopular ministers. In the time of Justinian, public order in Constantinople became a critical political issue. Throughout the late Roman and early Byzantine periods, Christianity was resolving fundamental questions of identity, and the dispute between the orthodox and the monophysites became the cause of serious disorder, expressed through allegiance to the horse-racing parties of the Blues and the Greens. The partisans of the Blues and the Greens were said to affect untrimmed facial hair, head hair shaved at the front and grown long at the back, and wide-sleeved tunics tight at the wrist; and to form gangs to engage in night-time muggings and street violence. At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532, known as the "Nika" riots (from the battle-cry of "Conquer!" of those involved). Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine's basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city's principal church, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum. Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia. This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church, whose dome was said to be held aloft by God alone, and which was directly connected to the palace so that the imperial family could attend services without passing through the streets. The dedication took place on 26 December 537 in the presence of the emperor, who exclaimed, "O Solomon, I have outdone thee!" Hagia Sophia was served by 600 people including 80 priests, and cost 20,000 pounds of gold to build. Justinian also had Anthemius and Isidore demolish and replace the original Church of the Holy Apostles built by Constantine with a new church under the same dedication. This was designed in the form of an equal-armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror. Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city's built environment, legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within 100 feet (30 m) of the sea front, in order to protect the view. During Justinian I's reign, the city's population reached about 500,000 people. However, the social fabric of Constantinople was also damaged by the onset of the Plague of Justinian between 541-542 AD. It killed perhaps 40% of the city's inhabitants. ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀº 626³â »ç»ê¿ÕÁ¶ Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ (=½Å¶ó)¿Í Avars¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Æ÷À§µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. (¾Æ·¡ ±Û ÂüÁ¶) ±×·¯³ª ÇÔ¶ô½ÃŰÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ¹«¿ÕÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÇ´Â Heraclius ȲÁ¦´Â Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ±í¼÷È÷ Ãĵé¾î°¡ Æä¸£½Ã¾Æ±ºÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¡·ÉÁö¸¦ ȸº¹Çß´Ù. (¾Æ·¡ ±Û ÂüÁ¶)±× ÀÌÈÄ ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀº 674-678³â, 717-718³â ¾Æ¶ø±º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Æ÷À§µÇ¾ú´Ù Çß´Ù. (¾Æ·¡ ±Û ÂüÁ¶) ±×·¯³ª Å׿Àµµ½Ã¾î ȲÁ¦°¡ ½×Àº wall´öºÐ¿¡ ¹öƼ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Áö³ ±Û¿¡¼ 654³â Battle of the Masts¿¡¼ ÅÂÀÚ½ÃÀýÀÇ ¹®¹«¿ÕÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÇ´Â Muawiyah°¡ À̲ô´Â ¾Æ¶ø±ºÀÌ ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀ» Æ÷À§ÇßÀ¸³ª ÇÔ¶ô½ÃŰÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ¾Æ¶ø³» ³»ºÎ ¹Ý¶õ¶§¹®¿¡ ö¼öÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ ±ÛÀ» ±â¾ïÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸® ¿ª»ç¿¡¼´Â »çºñ¼ºÀÌ ÇÔ¶ôµÈ ÈÄ ÀÇÀÚ¿ÕÀÌ ¿õÁø¼ºÀ¸·Î ÇǽÅÇÑ ÈÄ Ç׺¹ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â¼úµÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀº »çºñ¼ºÀ̶ó±â º¸´Ù ¿õÁø¼º¿¡ º¸´Ù °¡±õ´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. Survival, 565-717: Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark AgesIn the early 7th century, the Avars and later the Bulgars overwhelmed much of the Balkans, threatening Constantinople with attack from the west. Simultaneously, the Persian Sassanids overwhelmed the Prefecture of the East and penetrated deep into Anatolia. Heraclius, son of the exarch of Africa, set sail for the city and assumed the throne. He found the military situation so dire that he is said to have contemplated withdrawing the imperial capital to Carthage, but relented after the people of Constantinople begged him to stay. The citizens lost their right to free grain in 618 when Heraclius realised that the city could no longer be supplied from Egypt as a result of the Persian wars: the population fell substantially as a result. While the city withstood a siege by the Sassanids and Avars in 626, Heraclius campaigned deep into Persian territory and briefly restored the status quo in 628, when the Persians surrendered all their conquests. However, further sieges followed the Arab conquests, first from 674 to 678 and then in 717 to 718. The Theodosian Walls kept the city impregnable from the land, while a newly discovered incendiary substance known as Greek Fire allowed the Byzantine navy to destroy the Arab fleets and keep the city supplied. In the second siege, the second ruler of Bulgaria, Khan Tervel, rendered decisive help. He was called Saviour of Europe. Map of Istanbul Pictures of Theodosian walls, city walls of Constantinople, Istanbul, Turkey Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I, and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts. Later, in the 5th century, the Praetorian prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian Walls, which consisted of a double wall lying about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the west of the first wall and a moat with palisades in front. This formidable complex of defences was one of the most sophisticated of Antiquity. The city was built intentionally to rival Rome, and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched the 'seven hills' of Rome. Because it was located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara the land area that needed defensive walls was reduced, and this helped it to present an impregnable fortress enclosing magnificent palaces, domes, and towers, the result of the prosperity it achieved from being the gateway between two continents (Europe and Asia) and two seas (the Mediterranean and the Black Sea). Although besieged on numerous occasions by various armies, the defences of Constantinople proved impregnable for nearly nine hundred years. (source : Constantinople, Wikipedia) 3. ÇöÀçÀÇ À̽ºÅººÒ °øÇ× À̸§ÀÌ Sabiha (»çºñÇÏ) Gokcen International airportÀÌ´Ù. »çºñÇÏ´Â »çºñ¼ºÀ» µÑ·¯½Ñ °À̶ó Çß´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹é¸¶°À¸·Î ¸íĪÀÌ º¯°æµÇ¾ú´Ù Çß´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÀÌ »çºñÇ϶õ ¸íĪÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô À̽ºÅººÒ °øÇ×À̸§¿¡ Àִ°¡? ±×µéÀº »çºñÇÏÀÇ ¶æÀ» ¾Ë°í ¾²´Â °ÍÀΰ¡? ¿ì¸®°¡ Ç®¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢°¡ ¸¹À½À» º»´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Á¶°Ç¿¡¼ »çºñ¼ºÀÇ Á¶°Ç°ú ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. 1. »çºñ¼º ÁÖÀ§¿¡ 3°³ÀÇ »êÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÁöÇü»ó Á¶°Ç°ú ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÁÖÀ§¿¡ »êÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. 2. »çºñ¼ºÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀÎ ¼º¾È¿¡ ó¼Ò°¡ ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµÀÇ ³ÐÀº µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Áö¿ªÀ» °¨½Î´Â ÁöÇüÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °Í Áï ¼º¾ÈÀÌ Á¼¾Æ ½Ä·®ÀÌ Á¶´ÞµÇÁö ¸øÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¿À·¡ ¹öÆ¿ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ¾àÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿õÁø¿¡ º¸´Ù °¡±õ´Ù. 3. ¹éÁ¦ÀÇ ¹«¿ÕÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÇ´Â ºñÀÜÆ¾Á¦±¹ÀÇ HeracliusȲÁ¦ ¶§ ConstantinopleÀÌ ³Ê¹« Çù¼ÒÇÏ°í ½Ä·®À» Á¶´Þ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾î ±º»çÀû ¿äÃæÁö·Î¼ ÇѰ踦 Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ¾î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ãâ½ÅÁö¿ªÀÎ Carthago·Î ¼öµµ¸¦ ¿Å±â·Á Çß´Ù´Â ±â·ÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Heraclius, son of the exarch of Africa, set sail for the city and assumed the throne. He found the military situation so dire that he is said to have contemplated withdrawing the imperial capital to Carthage, but relented after the people of Constantinople begged him to stay. The citizens lost their right to free grain in 618 when Heraclius realised that the city could no longer be supplied from Egypt as a result of the Persian wars: the population fell substantially as a result. (source : Constantinople, Wikipedia) "With the Persians at the very gate of Constantinople, Heraclius thought of abandoning the city and moving the capital to Carthage, but the powerful church figure Patriarch Sergius convinced him to stay." [Ãâó] <Æß> Heraclius (610-641 ÀçÀ§) ÀÌ»óÀÇ Á¶°ÇµéÀ» »ìÆì º¼ ¶§ ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀº »çºñ¼ºº¸´Ù ¿õÁø¿¡ º¸´Ù °¡±õ´Ù ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ±ÛÀº »çºñ¼º°ú ¿õÁø¼ºÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ °¡´ÆÇÏ°Ô ÇØ ÁÖ´Â ±â·ÏÀÌ´Ù. Áï ºÏ¹æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ConstantinopleÀº ¿õÁø¼ºÀ̶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Áß±¹ÀÇ ¡ºÁÖ¼(ñ²ßö)¡»ÀÌ¿ªÀü ¹éÁ¦Á¶¿¡´Â ¡°Áö¹æ¿¡´Â ´Ù½Ã 5¹æÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸´Ï, Áß¹æÀº °í»ç¼º, µ¿¹æÀº µæ¾È¼º, ³²¹æÀº ±¸ÁöÇϼº, ¼¹æÀº µµ¼±¼º, ºÏ¹æÀº ¿õÁø¼ºÀÌ´Ù.(ÐìèâÌÚêóçéÛ° ñéÛ°èØÍ¯ÞÞàò ÔÔÛ°èØÔðäÌàò ÑõÛ°èØÎùò±ù»àò à¤Û°èØÓïà»àò ÝÁÛ°èØê¨òÐàò)¡±¶ó°í ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î, »çºñ õµµ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ¿õÁø¼ºÀÌ ºÏ¹æÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä °ÅÁ¡¼ºÀ¸·Î ±â´ÉÇÏ¿´À½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
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